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© 2005, 2002, 1987 Margaret L. Benner All rights reserved.
COMMA RULE #1 – THE COMMA IN A SERIES:Use commas to separate items in a series.
What is a ”series”?
A “series” is a list of 3 or more items, the last two of which are joined by and, or, or nor.
_____________, ______________, and _____________
EXAMPLES:
Any of these can be put into sentence form.
The important things to remember about using commas in series are these:
1.A series includes 3 or more items of the same type (words or groups of words).
2.The series is connected by and, or, or nor before the last item.
3.A comma separates items in the series, including the final item preceded by and, or, or nor.
Now click on the link below to do exercise 1.
COMMA RULE #2 – THE COMMA WITH COORDINATE ADJECTIVES:Use commas between coordinate adjectives.
What are “coordinate adjectives”?
“Coordinate adjectives” are adjectives placed next to each other that are equal in importance.
Two tests to determine whether adjectives are coordinate are the following:
1.See whether “and” can be smoothly placed between them.
2.See whether the adjectives’ order can be reversed.
Look at this example.
In this example, a comma belongs between happy and lively because they are coordinate adjectives.
Test to make certain:
First, try the “and” test.
Andplaced between the 2 adjectives sounds smooth.
Thus, happy and lively are coordinate adjectives in the example and should be separated by a comma.
CAUTION: Not all adjective pairs are coordinate adjectives.Thus, not all adjectives should be separated from one another by a comma.
Look at this example.
In this example, no comma belongs between the two adjectives young and golden because they are not coordinate adjectives.
How can we know?
First, try the “and” test.
And placed between the two adjectives does not fit smoothly.
Second, try reversing the adjectives.
Thus, young and golden are not coordinate adjectives and should not be separated by a comma.
Now click on the link below to do exercise 2.
COMMA RULE #3 – THE COMMA IN A COMPOUND SENTENCE: Use a comma before and, but, or, nor, for, so, or yet to join two independent clauses that form a compound sentence.
What is a compound sentence?
A compound sentence is a sentence that has 2 independent clauses.
An independent clause is a group of words with a subject and verb that expressesa complete thought.It is also known as a simple sentence.An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence.
The two independent clauses in a compound sentence can be joined by:
A. Semicolons Desk pm: a writing blogging and notetaking app 2 2.
OR
B.A comma and one of the seven joining words: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so.(Taken together, the first letters spell “FANBOYS.”)
This last type of compound sentence is the one we will concentrate on for comma use.
A compound sentence must have two independent clauses – not just two verbs, two nouns, or two groups of words that are not independent clauses.
Look at this example.
In the above example, two verb groups are being joined by and.The second verb group does NOT have a subject; thus, it is NOT an independent clause.
Therefore, NO comma belongs before and.
This example is a simple sentence with a compound verb, not a compound sentence.
However, we can make this sentence into a compound sentence by simply making the last verb part into an independent clause.
Now we have a “bona fide” compound sentence.The two independent clauses are separated by a comma and the word and.
Here are some other examples which illustrate the difference between compound elements in simple sentences (no comma) and true compound sentences (comma).
Now you are ready to try an exercise.
Make certain that you:
1.Know the seven joining words (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so).
2. Can distinguish between simple sentences with compound elements (nocomma) and compound sentences (comma).
Now click on the link below to do exercise 3.
LINK TO EXERCISE 3
COMMA RULE #4 – THE COMMA WITH INTRODUCTORY WORDS: Place a comma after introductory phrases that tell where, when, why, or how.
Specifically. . . use a comma:
1.After a long introductory phrase.
Example:
Usually, it is NOT necessary to use a comma after short introductory prepositional phrases.
Example:
2.After an introductory phrase made up of “to” plus a verb and any modifiers (“infinitive”) that tells why.
Example:
Use a comma even after a short “to” + verb phrase that answers why.
Example:
You can tell you have this kind of introductory “to” + verb phrase when you can put the words “in order” in front of the phrase.
Example:
Be careful!Not all introductory “to” phrases tell why.
when?where?why?how?to what degree?
(A “clause” is a group of words with a subject and a verb.)
Examples:
NOTE: When such a clause comes at the end of a sentence, do NOT use a comma.
Examples:
Now click on the link below to do exercise 4.
COMMA RULE #5 – THE COMMA WITH NONESSENTIAL WORDS, PHRASES, AND CLAUSES: Separate with a comma any nonessential words or groups of words from the rest of the sentence.
![Typeit4me 5 4 – completes partially typed words for you know Typeit4me 5 4 – completes partially typed words for you know](https://usermanual.wiki/Document/reportdesigneruserguide.10903816-User-Guide-Page-1.png)
1.Separate “interrupter” words like however, nevertheless, yes, no, of course, from the rest of the sentence.
Examples:
2.Separate a “renamer” (an appositive) from the rest of the sentence with a comma.
Example:
3.Separate adjective phrases from the essential parts of the sentence.
(An “adjective” describes or limits a noun.)
Examples:
In each instance above, “Mary Roberts ran down the street” comprises the essential part of the sentence.The adjective phrases are nonessential and should be separated from the rest of the sentence with commas.
4.Separate nonessential adjective clauses from the rest of the sentence.
There are two kinds of adjective clauses:
- one that is needed for the sentence to be complete (ESSENTIAL)
- one that is NOT needed for the sentence to be complete (NONESSENTIAL)
The essential adjective clause should NOT be separated from the sentence with commas.
The nonessential adjective clause (like other nonessential elements) SHOULD be separated with commas.
Two examples illustrate the difference:
A.
B.
Look at example A.If we remove the adjective clause “who robbed the bank,” the sentence reads, “The man was caught today.”Without the adjective clause (“who robbed the bank”), we do not know which man was caught.Thus, the adjective clause is needed to complete the sentence’s meaning.In other words, this adjective clause is essential.As the rule notes, do not use commas around essential adjective clauses.
Now look at example B.If we remove the adjective clause “who robbed the bank,” the sentence reads, “Sam Spider was caught today.”Without the adjective clause (“who robbed a bank”), we do know which man was caught (Sam Spider).Thus, the adjective clause is NOT needed to complete the sentence’s meaning.In other words, this clause is nonessential.Following the rule, you should separate this adjective clause from the rest of the sentence.
REMEMBER, there are 4 nonessential elements that should be separated from the rest of the sentence with commas:
1.“interrupter” words like of course, however
2.“renamers” (appositives)
3.nonessential adjective phrases
4.nonessential adjective clauses
Now click on the link below to do exercise 5.
Now click on the link below to do the post test.
This book is about the Math Builder (officially called as Equation Editor) tool in Microsoft Word and Outlook 2007 and higher. It also applies to Microsoft PowerPoint and Excel 2010 and higher. Note that this is a different tool than the legacy tool Equation Editor 3.0 (which is still available on 32-bit Office versions until the January 2018 update[1]) and MathType.
Typesetting mathematics on a computer has always been a challenge. The mathematical community almost universally accepts a typesetting language called LaTeX. Math Builder is a much easier to use tool that has less functionality than LaTeX but more than typical document processing. Microsoft call this hybrid language the Office Math Markup Language, or OMML for short. It is an appropriate tool for:
- Typing any document whose focus is not itself mathematics.
- Typing a short math document quickly.
- A stepping stone between word processing (MS Word) and typesetting (LaTeX)
Note that Math Builder does not perform any mathematics; it is a tool for displaying it.
Pros and Cons[edit]
Pros:
- Math Builder is WYSIWYG: after typing an equation you see immediately what it looks like.
- It's easy to get started: it's already built in to Microsoft Word. Common symbols have point-and-click icons.
- It's easy to use: Common symbols have keyboard shortcuts so that a veteran user need not use a mouse at all.
- Nearly all symbols use the same commands as LaTeX.
- The format used is non-proprietary and given in Unicode Technical Note #28.
- It can be used in Outlook to easily write equations in emails; it renders as images to the recipent.
Cons:
- Some uncommon symbols are not listed in the menu and require knowing the keyboard shortcut. Typically this is the LaTeX code for the symbol.
- There are differences between Math Builder and LaTeX code: advanced functionality that requires more than just a symbol tend to follow the same flavor but have slightly different syntax. Math Builder code tends to be shorter than LaTeX code and disappears upon completion to the WYSIWYG output. Examples here are matrices, multiple aligned equations, and binomial coefficients.
- No LaTeX typesetting tools such as labels and references are implemented.
- No highly advanced LaTeX tools such as graphing, commutative diagrams, or geometric shapes are implemented. (Note:- Geometric shapes are otherwise available in the Insert ribbon)
- Students studying mathematics might not be motivated to learn LaTeX because they might be able to get by with Equation Builder in Word to satisfy the vast majority of their needs. However, when such a student reaches the limits, unlike LaTeX there is absolutely no recourse to expand the program to satisfy it.
Inserting an equation[edit]
Microsoft Word has two different typing environments: text and math. To obtain the math environment, click on 'Equation' on the 'Insert' ribbon on Windows or Word for Mac '16, or in 'Document Elements' on Word for Mac '11. The keyboard shortcut is 'alt'+ '='. For a Mac system, the shortcut is control + '='. Everything you type in this environment is considered math: all automatic formatting of text is disabled. To exit the math environment, click on any text outside the math environment. One easy way to do this is by pressing the right arrow key.
Equation Editor on Word for Mac 2011
Common Mathematics[edit]
Fractions[edit]
There are multiple ways to display a fraction. The default is vertically aligned as illustrated below. Obtain this by typing the fraction and pressing space: 1/2
Linear fraction (resp. skewed fraction) is obtained using ldiv (resp. sdiv) and pressing space (twice) or by typing 1 ldiv 2 (resp. 1 sdiv 2) and pressing space. While you can also do this by right-clicking on the equation and clicking Linear, this affects the whole equation and not just the fraction.
Parenthesis, brackets, and braces[edit]
Grouping symbols will automatically size to the appropriate size. These symbols include '(), {}, [], ||'. For instance, the expression below can be obtained with (1/2(x+1)):
Be careful to press space after the '2' to render the fraction, otherwise Word might put 'x+1' in the denominator. Also press space after typing every closing parenthesis ')', which will adjust both the opening and closing parentheses size to fit the group's contents. Because the 1/2 fraction is is quite tall, the outer parentheses need to be adjusted to enclose the fraction appropriately. To be exact, the key presses required to reproduce the equation above are
(
1
/
2
space
(
x
+
1
)
space
)
space
.Exponents and subscripts[edit]
Exponents can be obtained by using '^' and subscripts by '_'. The monomial below can be obtained by typing x_2^5 or x^5_2 and pressing space.
Symbols: etc[edit]
These are all common symbols. The easiest thing to do would be to find a LaTeX reference sheet. A few of those symbols are shown here:
code | output |
neq or /= | |
leq or <= (resp. geq or >= ) | (resp ) |
subseteq | |
vee | |
rightarrow | |
Rightarrow | |
times | |
div | |
pm | |
infty | |
otimes (resp. oplus) | (resp. ) |
hbar | |
partial |
Greek, Script, and Fraktur letters[edit]
The math environment implements 3 fronts in addition to the default.
- Greek letters can be obtained by typing a ' followed by the name of symbol. Capitalizing it creates a capital letter. delta Delta produces
- Script letters can be obtained by typing ' followed by 'script' followed by the letter. scriptd scriptD produces
- Fraktur letters can be obtained by typing ' followed by 'fraktur' followed by the letter. Fraktur does not have capitals. frakturd prodouces
Blackboard Bold letters[edit]
Blackboard bold letters can be obtained by typing ' followed by 'double' followed by the letter. doubled doubleD produces
Mathematical Physics[edit]
Vectors[edit]
A vector is often denoted by an overhead right arrow, which can be obtained by following a letter variable with 'vec': . Unit vectors (e.g. ) are denoted by a hat (circumflex), which can be obtained by following a letter variable with 'hat'. The gradient (also known as del or nabla) operator may be displayed using 'nabla'.
Typeit4me 5 4 – Completes Partially Typed Words For Youtube
Newtonian Dot Notation[edit]
Dot notation for time derivatives (e.g. )can be obtained by following a letter variable with 'dot' for a first derivative and 'ddot' for a second derivative.
Vector Products[edit]
The dot product (inner product) can be displayed using the centered dot symbol 'cdot' e.g. the divergence . The cross product can be displayed using 'times' e.g. the curl .
Matrices[edit]
Matrices are obtained with the 'matrix' symbol. Use parentheses to start and end the matrix. Use '@' to separate rows, and '&' to separate columns. The matrix below can be created by typing
[matrix(1&2&3@4&5&6)]
.Multiple Aligned Equations[edit]
Aligning equations can be obtained with the 'eqarray' symbol. Use parentheses to start and end the matrix. Use '@' to separate equations. Use '&' to specify alignment and whitespace. The first '&' and then every other occurrence is alignment. The second and then every other occurrence is white space. The equations below can be obtained by typing the following text:
(The math environment here seems to be adding excess space between the alignments that doesn't occur in Word)
Radicals[edit]
Radicals are obtained using the 'sqrt' symbol, followed by the index, then '&', then the radicand.
For example:
sqrt(a&b)
will output .Additionally,
sqrt(x)
will simply output .Integrals[edit]
code | output |
Double oriented integral (No corresponding Wikibooks math symbol) | |
Triple oriented integral (No corresponding Wikibooks math symbol) | |
Clockwise oriented integral (No corresponding Wikibooks math symbol) |
Integrals are obtained by inserting the desired integral symbol (see above table), and then pressing space twice.[2]
For example:
int_a^b
spacespace1/x
spacedx
will output Inline versus Display[edit]
Equations have two forms. Inline specifies that the equation is to be in line with text. This affects a few expressions to make them appear smaller. For instance fractions will use a smaller font. Summations and integrals will place the endpoints to the right of the symbol instead of below it.Display specifies to use as much space as needed. Display mode equations must appear on their own line.
Typeit4me 5 4 – Completes Partially Typed Words For You Know
Modifying and creating shortcuts[edit]
Typeit4me 5 4 – Completes Partially Typed Words For You Think
Everything in Math Builder requires special symbols that the computer knows how to interpret. These symbols are constructed with all the commands starting with ' as illustrated in the above sections. This is implemented via math autocorrect which you can modify. For instance, you might like to use ra instead of rightarrow. You can do this by adding the command to the math autocorrect directory.
References[edit]
- ↑https://support.office.com/en-us/article/Equation-Editor-6eac7d71-3c74-437b-80d3-c7dea24fdf3f
- ↑Iztok Hozo. 'Using Word 2007’s new equation editor' (in English). Indiana University Northwest. http://iun.edu/~mathiho/useful/word07shortcuts.pdf. Retrieved 06-05-2019.
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